DIVINE LITURGY

The service of the Divine Liturgy of the Armenian Church is based upon the missals of St. Basil of Caesarea and St. Gregory the Theologian. In the course of time the Divine Liturgy, underwent changes and additions in its celebration in the Armenian language; with special rites and original Armenian chants, it assumed a national character. The Divine Liturgy (Badarak) is divided into four parts, commonly referred to as Preparation, Synaxis (teaching), Eucharist and Last Blessing.

During the Divine Liturgy unleavened bread and unmixed wine are used. The communion is given to the faithful in the form of the consecrated bread steeped in the wine.

For each Liturgy only one consecrated bread is used. The priest can celebrate only one Liturgy a day. Only one Liturgy can be celebrated each day on the same altar.

Those who do not receive the sacrament must partake in the Liturgy through prayer and especially unceasing remembrance of our Lord Jesus Christ. At the end of Badarak, “mas”, portions of blessed thin unleavened bread, is distributed to those who have not received the sacrament. Mas is distributed on one hand in remembrance of agape¢, which used to take place after the Divine Liturgy and, on the other hand in order that the faithful, who have not received the sacrament, should not be deprived of the blessing, but should have a sense of sharing in the Divine feast.

Following is a brief summary of some of the major parts of the service:

Preparation

Procession Into the Church and Up to the Altar

Led by the candle-bearers and altar servers, the celebrant enters the sanctuary while the people sing, Khorhoort khoreen, “Profound mystery.” The “mystery” is Jesus Christ, the Son of God, who became a human being in order to fill us personally with his divine blessings, and with eternal life. The Divine Liturgy begins not in the elevated altar space known as the bema (khoran), but among the people.

Behind the Closed Curtain 

While the celebrant and deacon attend to the preparation of the bread and wine for Holy Communion, the other altar servers are busy lighting the altar candles and forming the procession to go around the church. The main reason why the curtain is closed at this point in the Liturgy is so that the people will not be distracted from their prayer and reflection by the liturgical housekeeping taking place at the altar.

Synaxis (Teaching)

The Procession and the Beginning of the Liturgy of the Word (Synaxis or Midday Office)

When the altar and the Eucharistic gifts have been prepared, the curtain opens and the deacons lead the priest in a procession around the altar and down into the nave. The celebrant offers incense to the main and side altars, the baptismal font, the sacred icons, and all the people. The people ask that the priest pray for them in the presence of Jesus. The procession marks the beginning of the Liturgy of the Word. The Liturgy of the Word concerns the Word of God, Jesus Christ. He comes to his people in the public reading of the Bible.

A Hymn to Jesus Christ the Only-Begotten Son of God

Most appropriately, the Liturgy of the Word begins with a hymn to Jesus Christ, the Word, Meeyadzeen Vortee yev Pant Asdvadz [Only-begotten Son and Word of God]. The words of this ancient hymn express our conviction that Jesus Christ is the immortal Son of God. He became man by being born of the holy Virgin Mary, the Mother of God. He was crucified and destroyed death in order to give us eternal life. He is one person of the Holy Trinity.

Another hymn, called the Jashoo Sharagan [Midday Hymn] changes each Sunday according to the feast or season of the church year. The hymn always focuses on Jesus Christ and the gift of salvation that he has made available for according us.

The Gospel Procession: A Parade in Honor of the Savior

Since the Gospel contains the words of Jesus, the Son of God, it is chanted with great solemnity. The senior deacon calls everyone to attention by chanting Broskhoomeh, “Be attentive”. He takes the ornately bound Gospel book from the priest and elevates it high over his head. Lifting up the Gospel book is a sign of the authority of God’s Word over our lives. When we commit ourselves to the wisdom of the Bible, we find there a powerful source of meaning and direction.

The Reading of the Scriptures: We are Nourished by the Word of God 

The focus of the Liturgy of the Word is the public reading of passages from the Old and New Testaments. In the Armenian Church every Sunday specific Bible passages are read. They are selected according to an ancient system that has its roots in fourth-century Jerusalem, the cradle of the Church. The Scripture passages should be read by ordained tubeerk, “readers.”

The Reading of the Holy Gospel: God is Speaking

The Gospel reading is the culmination of the Liturgy of the Word. It is not read, but chanted from the elevated bema by an ordained deacon. The fathers of the Armenian Church emphasize that the solemn chanting of the Gospel during the Badarak is not only a lesson for our minds, but a real meeting with Jesus Christ.

The Nicene Creed: Our Common Faith

Another component of the Liturgy of the Word is the chanting of the Nicene Creed by all the people. The Creed is the official declaration of the principal doctrines of the Church. It was composed by all the churches at the Ecumenical Council of Nicea in 325 AD.

The End of the Liturgy of the Word

The Liturgy of the Word ends with a litany and a prayer. The closing prayer is specifically for those who are not yet baptized members of the Church. Since they are not yet permitted to receive the sacrament of Holy Communion, the unbaptized were originally dismissed at the end of the Liturgy of the Word. Speaking on their behalf, the priest prays, “Make us equal to your true worshipers, who worship you in spirit and in truth.”

Eucharist

The Liturgy of the Eucharist Begins

As the Liturgy of the Word concludes and the Eucharist begins, the celebrant takes off his crown and slippers following God’s command: “Do not come near; put off your shoes from your feet, for the place on which you are standing is holy ground” [Exodus 3:5]. Just like Moses at the burning bush, the priest prepares himself to come into the presence of God. The Eucharist is the sacrament of the Lord’s Body and Blood, offered to those who have made a life commitment to God and sealed it in baptism.

A Hymn about Holy Communion 

Like the Liturgy of the Word, the Eucharist also begins with a hymn to Jesus Christ. This first hymn of the Eucharist asserts that when we receive the Body and Blood of Christ in Holy Communion, we are being joined to the same Son of God who is praised by the angels in heaven.

The Procession with the Gifts of Bread and Wine

Another similarity between the Eucharist and the Liturgy of the Word is that both begin with a procession. A priest or deacon processes around the altar elevating the veiled chalice above his head. Like the procession with the Gospel in the Liturgy of the Word, this procession draws our attention and devotion to the bread and wine, which become for us the Body and Blood of Jesus. At the end of the procession, the deacon hands the gifts to the celebrant as they alternate verses from Psalm 24.

The Procession with the Gifts concludes with a proclamation by the deacon, leading into a prayer by the celebrant. On behalf of all those present he asks God to “grant this bread and this cup to be for us, who taste of them, a remedy of forgiveness of our sins”

The Kiss of Peace

St. Paul routinely directed the members of the Christian communities to “greet one another with a holy kiss” A ritualized greeting of peace and reconciliation is found in the Eucharist of all ancient churches.

A Call to Attention: Let us Stand in Awe

After the Kiss of Peace the deacons invite the people to give their undivided attention to the Eucharistic Prayer, the main prayer of the Badarak. In the course of this long prayer the celebrant, praying on behalf of all the people, asks God to do for us just what Jesus promised at his Last Supper: to fill us with His Body and Blood, the sacrament of His holiness and divine life, in the bread and wine of Holy Communion.

The Eucharistic Prayer

The Eucharistic Prayer of the Church is attributed to the great fourth-century Egyptian theologian St. Athanasius, who strongly influenced Armenian theology. The Prayer is called “Eucharistic” because the story of our salvation in Christ pivots around Christ’s Last Supper.

The Preface

Theologians refer to the first part of the Eucharistic Prayer as the “Preface”. The Preface praises God for sending his Son, Jesus Christ, into the world to be born, and to take on the condition of humanity in order to cleanse it and reconcile it with God the Father. This is the mystery of Christ’s incarnation. We see the same mystery revealed in the bread and wine of the Badarak.

The Hymn of the Angels: Holy, Holy, Holy

The angelic song of the three holies known as the “Sanctus,” Soorp, Soorp, Soorp, is sung in the Eucharist of all ancient churches. When we sing this hymn, we are reminded of the extraordinary privilege of being a Christian.

The Last Supper

After the Sanctus, the Eucharistic Prayer describes “the outpouring of [Jesus’] infinite loving-kindness to us”. The Prayer recalls God’s repeated attempts, detailed in the Old Testament, to coax mankind back from the vain and sinful distractions of this life to the loving security of God. This culminates in the sacrifice of God’s only-begotten Son, Jesus Christ, who died on the Cross as a redemption for our sinfulness. “The world-saving Cross…the occasion of our redemption” is perpetuated for us in our celebration of the Lord’s Supper. The Eucharistic Prayer narrates this event, quoting Christ’s own words: “Take, eat; this is my body…Drink this all of you. This is my blood”.

The Epiclesis

“Epiclesis” (eh-pi-clee’-sis) is the term theologians use to describe the next part of the Eucharistic Prayer. In the Epiclesis we call on God’s Holy Spirit to come down “upon us and upon these gifts,” so that they may become “truly the Body and Blood of our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ” This is our main supplication in the Eucharistic Prayer.

The Intercessions

After the Epiclesis, in the presence of Jesus Christ in his Body and Blood, we pray to our heavenly Father for all of our daily cares and concerns. The Prayer lists them one by one. These subsidiary requests of the Divine Liturgy are called “Intercessions.” We pray for peace in the world, for the stability of the Armenian Church, for our Catholicos, Bishops and clergy, for civil leaders, for travelers, prisoners, captives, for the sick and suffering, for temperate weather and sufficient food, for those who help the poor, for all the living and all the dead.

The Conclusion of the Eucharistic Prayer

The great Eucharistic Prayer ends with a final reference to Holy Communion, a closing doxology in praise of the Holy Trinity, and of course, the seal of all prayers, Amen: “And having cleansed our thoughts, make us temples fit for the reception of the Body and Blood of your Only-begotten, our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ, with whom to you, O Father almighty, together with the life-giving and liberating Holy Spirit, is befitting glory, dominion and honor, now and always and unto the ages of ages. Amen”.

Prayers and Hymns before Holy Communion

Originally at this point Holy Communion was distributed, the people were dismissed and the Divine Liturgy ended. But over the course of the centuries, new hymns and prayers were added between the end of the Eucharistic Prayer and the distribution of Holy Communion. These rites developed as further preparation for receiving Holy Communion. Theologians call these liturgical elements “Pre-Communion Rites.”

Two Hymns of Praise

Two hymns were added before the distribution of Holy Communion. The first is addressed to Christ: Meeayn soorp, “The one holy”. It is sung while the celebrant elevates the Eucharistic bread and the chalice over his head. The hymn is an acclamation that they are the Body and Blood of Christ. The second hymn is sung in praise of the three persons of the Holy Trinity: Amen, Hayr soorp, Vorteet soorp, Hokeet soorp.

Before Holy Communion

At this point the curtain is closed. Behind the curtain the celebrant offers two personal prayers before he himself receives Holy Communion. It is an ancient custom in all eastern churches that when the priest celebrating the Eucharist receives Holy Communion, this should be done out of the sight of the faithful.

Confession and Absolution

It is an ancient tradition of the Church that even before receiving Holy Communion the faithful have opportunities to examine their lives and confess to a priest whatever they have done that has distracted them from the life in Christ. The priest prays that God will absolve them of their sinfulness and restore their status as children of God.

Holy Communion

In the Armenian Church Holy Communion is distributed in the following manner. The communicant stands before the priest, makes the sign of the cross and says Megha Asdoodzo, “I have sinned against God.” The priest then places a small particle of our Lord’s Body and Blood — the bread having been dipped into the wine — directly into the mouth of the communicant. The communicant again makes the sign of the Cross and steps aside for others to approach. After all have received Holy Communion, using the chalice to imprint the sign of the Cross over the communicants, the priest imparts the blessing of Psalm 28:9: “Save your people, Lord, and bless your inheritance; shepherd them and lift them up from henceforth until eternity”.

Two Thanksgiving Hymns following Communion

In the early Church, the blessing above marked the end of the Divine Liturgy. There was no need for additional thanksgiving prayers since the Eucharistic Prayer is already the preeminent offering of gratitude to God for all of his blessings. The curtain is closed during this period and while the hymns are sung, the priest and deacons clean the chalice and paten, and return all the liturgical vessels to their proper places.

Last Blessing Conclusion of the Divine Liturgy: Prayer and Gospel

The Badarak concludes with the Word of God in the Gospel according to St. John [1:1-14]. This custom came to the Armenian Divine Liturgy from the medieval Roman Mass, which the Armenians came to know when the Crusaders passed through Cilician Armenia on their way to the Holy Land in the middle ages.

After the final blessing the faithful come forward to kiss the Gospel book, saying, Heeshestseh Der zamenayn Badarakus ko, “May the Lord remember all your sacrifices”.